Katō Hiroyuki (1836–1916) and Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835–1901) were Meiji period scholars who analyzed the dominance of Western civilization and urged progress for the Japanese nation. While Fukuzawa respected the Emperor of Japan, he believed kokutai did not depend upon myths of unbroken descent from Amaterasu. [10] From this pamphlet, pupils were taught to put the nation before the self, and that they were part of the state and not separate from it. 3.2.1 Imperial Rescript on Education (1890) In 1890, an Imperial Rescript on Education is published, the text of which is considered to be canon of national shinto, and which contains the grounds of the kokutai concept, Japan's national essence or … P. 73-94. (2006:13), The Ministry of Education promulgated it throughout the school system. There is an English translation of the Kokutai no Hongi by John Owen Gauntlett. Banned in Japan by General MacArthur and never published elsewhere, it is here presented to the American public for the first time. $4.00. The Government created a whole perfect new cultural system around the Tennou [Emperor], and the kokutai was the expression of it. It also analyzes reviews to verify trustworthiness. [8], By 1937, "election purification", originally aimed at corruption, required that no candidate set the people in opposition to either the military or the bureaucracy. W. G. Beasley; Kokutai No Hongi: Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan, International Affairs, Volume 26, Issue 2, 1 April , Pages , https. W. G. Beasley; Kokutai No Hongi: Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan, International Affairs, Volume 26, Issue 2, 1 April, Pages, https. He popularized the word kokutai in his 1825 Shinron (新論 "New Theses"), which also introduced the term Sonnō jōi ("revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians"). Each was a seitai, a form of government. Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan. Brownlee explains. According to Tatsukichi Minobe, kokutai is understood as the "shape of the Estate" in the sense of "Tenno as the organ of the Estate", while the authoritarians gave the kokutai a mystical power. The art of persuasion: Fukuzawa Yukichi was an influential author translator for the Japanese Embassy to the United States This article is also available for rental through DeepDyve. Transl. The Kokutai-seitai distinction enabled conservatives to identify clearly as Kokutai, National Essence, the "native Japanese", eternal, and immutable aspects of their polity, derived from history, tradition, and custom, and focused on the Emperor. Transl. In this understanding, the modern system of government under the Meiji Constitution, derived this time from foreign sources, was nothing more than another form of Japanese government, a new seitai. (Handbuch der Orientalistik, vol. Kokutai No Hongi. by Hall, Robert King. Hirohito evoked the Kokutai in the Jewel Voice Broadcast, which announced the Japanese acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration (unconditional surrender). by Gauntlett, John. The "family-state" element in it was given a great deal of prominence by political philosophy. Kokutai (国体, "national body/structure of state") is a concept in the Japanese language translatable as "system of government", "sovereignty", "national identity, essence and character", "national polity; body politic; national entity; basis for the Emperor's sovereignty; Japanese constitution". This system utilized a democratic form, but in practice was closer to an absolute monarchy. By the surrender of Japan in 1945, the significance of kokutai diminished. (2005). by Hall, Robert King. 200 pages. [1] The references to the kokutai were the justification of the emperor's authority through his divine descent and the unbroken line of emperors, and the unique relationship between subject and sovereign. [13], Because many religions had figures that distracted from the central emperor, they were attacked, such as the Oomoto sect condemned for worshipping figures other than Amaterasu, and in 1939, the Religious Organization authorized the shutting down of any religion that did not conform to the Imperial Way, which the authorities promptly used.[21]. (1937) Kokutai-no hongi (Cardinal Principles of Kokutai)]. Price New from Used from Hardcover "Please retry" $65.00 . - Japan: enemy or ally? ", This term, and what it meant, were widely inculcated in propaganda. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! This notion of kokutai was extra-juridical, more something cultural than positive. Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan. The document known as the Kokutai no Hongi was actually a pamphlet of 156 pages, an official publication of the Japanese Ministry of Education, first issued in March 1937 and eventually circulated in millions of copies throughout the home islands and the empire. [16] A sailor might give his life to save the picture of the Emperor on a submarine. In spirit a match for a million – kokutai that would establish an orthodox interpretation of the “national essence” for the Japanese people. [8], Great efforts were made to foment a "Japanese spirit" even in popular culture, as in the promotion of the "Song of Young Japan. "[9], Brave warriors united in justice Nevertheless, some authors, including Miller (1982:95), believe that traces of Japanese kokutai "are quite as vivid today as they ever were". The 2nd century BCE Guliang zhuan (榖梁傳; 'Guliang's Commentary') to the Spring and Autumn Annals glosses dafu (大夫; 'high minister; senior official') as guoti metaphorically meaning "embodiment of the country". The Japanese compound word joins koku (國, "country; nation; province; land") and tai (體, "body; substance; object; structure; form; style"). Fukuzawa Yukichi was an influential author translator for the Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860). [13], Some objections to the founding of the Taisei Yokusankai or Imperial Rule Assistance Association, came on the grounds that kokutai already required all imperial subjects to support imperial rule. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. By Jerome B. Cohen. The most original political idea ever developed in Japan was that of the Kokutai [National Essence]. By enact of the Con­sti­tu­tion of the State of Japan (3 May 1947), Tenno's sov­er­eignty and the lèse-ma­jestéwere re­pealed. Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860), An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus, Four Stages of the Japanese Kokutai (National Essence), Beyond words: the "kokutai" and its background, Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office, Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, German pre–World War II industrial co-operation, International Military Tribunal for the Far East, Japanese dissidence in 20th-century Imperial Japan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kokutai&oldid=999583574, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with dead external links from February 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The national debates over kokutai led the Prime Minister Prince Fumimaro Konoe to appoint a committee of Japan's leading professors to deliberate the matter. The form of government, Seitai, a secondary concept, then consisted of the historical arrangements for the exercise of political authority. Conservative thinkers voiced concerns that the establishment of an empowered class of aides to the emperor was akin to the creation of a new shogunate. Fukuzawa Yukichi was an influential author translator for the Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860). by Hall, Robert King. Ed. Transl. From Sources of Japanese Tradition, edited by Wm. Translated by John Owen GauntlettThis book has hardback covers.Ex-library,With usual stamps and markings,In good all round condition.No dust jacket. [7] Minobe was appointed to the House of Peers in 1932 but forced to resign after an assassination attempt and vehement criticisms that he was disloyal to the emperor. [4] The Tokkō ("Special Higher Police") was established as a type of Thought Police to investigate political groups that might threaten Tenno-centered social order of Japan. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1949. xviii, 545 p. $7.50. Cook Anime: Eat Like Your Favorite Character―From Bento to Yakisoba. There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. FOUR STAGES OF THE JAPANESE KOKUTAI [NATIONAL ESSENCE] John S. Brownlee, Department of History, University of Toronto, JSAC Conference, University of British Columbia, October 2000. First edition. He contrasted between kokutai and seitai (政体 "government body/structure"). With an introd. Kokutai No Hongi: Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan. As they read, answer the same three questions from the introductory discussion, but for Japan in 1937 according to the document. In au­tumn 1945, GHQ for­bade cir­cu­la­tion of the Koku­tai no Hongi and re­pealed the Peace Preser­va­tion Law (15 Oc­to­ber 1945). Translated by John Owen Gauntlett and edited with an introduction by Robert King Hall. editor Edition: First edition Book condition: Very Good Book Description Cambridge, MA:: Harvard University Press,, 1949. by John Owen Gauntlett and ed. with an introd. The Peace Preservation Law of 1925 forbade both forming and belonging to any organization that proposed altering the kokutai or the abolishment of private property, effectively criminalizing socialism, communism, republicanism, democracy and other anti-Tenno ideologies. Hardcover. Do they have social media profiles? Each paragraph of this text, electronically reproduced, is included in JHTI. Der religiöse Traditio-nalismus in Neuzeit und Moderne Japans. - Japan's economy in war and reconstruction. Author: Japan. Ready like the myriad cherry blossoms to scatter It was more or less the Japanese "nation's body" or "national structure". Kokutai no Hongi = Cardinal principles of the national entity of Japan / translated by John Owen Gauntlett and edited with an introduction by Robert King Hall Harvard University Press Cambridge, Mass 1949. W. G. Beasley; Kokutai No Hongi: Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan, International Affairs, Volume 26, Issue 2, 1 April 1950, Pages 288, https Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. [18], "Japanist" unions endeavoured to win support by disavowing violence and pledging support for nation and emperor. You're listening to a sample of the Audible audio edition. Your recently viewed items and featured recommendations, Select the department you want to search in, $17.21 Shipping & Import Fees Deposit to Germany. Our payment security system encrypts your information during transmission. ), This stemmed from Itō Hirobumi's rejection of some European notions as unfit for Japan, as they stemmed from European constitutional practice and Christianity. by Gauntlett, John. The Constitution was nothing fundamental. Kenpo ronso (Constitutional law review). & Gauntlett, John Owen. By Jerome B. Cohen. Kokutai no hongi was the most important of a series of documents produced by the Japanese government that sought to articulate an official ideology for a nation on the brink of total war. Aizawa Seishisai (会沢正志斎, 1782–1863) was an authority on Neo-Confucianism and leader of the Mitogaku (水戸学 "Mito School") that supported direct restoration of the Imperial House of Japan. Beasley; Kokutai No Hongi: Please verify that you are not a robot. He reasoned that it was not unique to Japan and that every nation could be said to have a kokutai "national sovereignty". Tr. by Hall, Robert King. Book: What have reviews said about it? Article 4 declares that "the Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty", uniting the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, although subject to the "consent of the Imperial Diet". Kokutai No Hongi: Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan by Hall, Robert King,. by Gauntlett, John. Brownlee concludes that after the Kokutai no Hongi proclamation, It is clear that at this stage in history, they were no longer dealing with a concept to generate spiritual unity like Aizawa Seishisai in 1825, or with a political theory of Japan designed to accommodate modern institutions of government, like the Meiji Constitution. (2006:n.p. Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author? Article PDF first page preview. Transl. We don’t share your credit card details with third-party sellers, and we don’t sell your information to others. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. Australian/Harvard Citation. Moreover, the kokutai was the basis of the sovereignty. Please try again. However, as Japanese nationalism grew, questions arose whether the kokutai emperor could be limited by the seitai government. The legal scholar Josefa López notes that under the Meiji Constitution, kokutai acquired an additional meaning. $65.00: $86.35: Hardcover $65.00 Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949. viii, 200 pp. resulting page pamphlet, Kokutai no hongi, was published in March with an initial print run of, copies, although more than two million were. According to the Hanyu Da Cidian, the oldest guoti usages are in two Chinese classic texts. Ed. By enact of the Constitution of the State of Japan (3 May 1947), Tenno's sovereignty and the lèse-majesté were repealed. - Japan's economy in war and reconstruction. Author Format Publication Date Price Select Item; Kokutai no Hongi: Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan: Hall, Robert King Gauntlett, John Owen: E … We work hard to protect your security and privacy. [2] Many conservatives supported these principles as central to Nihon shugi (Nihon gunkoku shugi, Japanese militarism), "Japanism", as an alternative to rapid Westernization.[3]. During World War II, the Japanese earned the reputation for cruelty toward their prisoners which surpassed the treatment accorded to POWs held by Germany and Italy. [5], Tatsukichi Minobe (1873–1948), a professor emeritus of law at Tokyo Imperial University, theorized that under the Meiji Constitution, the emperor was an organ of the state and not a sacrosanct power beyond the state. To get the free app, enter your mobile phone number. A Popular Dictionary of Shinto. Kokutai no hongi was Its endless repetition of mystical phrases and vague concepts of Japanese nationalism are scarcely inspiring. From the Xinhai Revolution to the enactment of the Peace Preservation Law (1911–1925), the most important pre-World War II democracy movement "Taishō Democracy" occurred. Harvard University Press; Reprint 2014 ed. With an introd. There was a problem loading your book clubs. Kokutai No Hongi Hardcover – February 5, 1949 by Robert King Hall (Editor), John Owen Gauntlett (Translator) See all formats and editions Hide other formats and editions. Very Good. resulting page pamphlet, Kokutai no hongi, was published in March with an initial print run of, copies, although more than two million were. In 1937, they issued the Kokutai no Hongi (國體の本義, "Cardinal Principles of the National Body/Structure; see Gauntlett and Hall 1949). Kokutai No Hongi: Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan By Robert King Hall This is a careful translation -- with extensive introduction, notes and appendices -- of the official statement issued by the Japanese Government in 1937 for the guidance of those whose function it … His 1875 "Bunmeiron no Gairyaku" (文明論の概略 "An Outline of a Theory of Civilization") contradicted traditional ideas about kokutai. Kokutai No Hongi. Katō Hiroyuki (1836–1916) and Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835–1901) were Meiji period scholars who analyzed the dominance of Western civilization and urged progress for the Japanese nation. The word is also a short form of the (unrelated) name for the National Sports Festival of Japan. Japan. $4.00. Hall, Robert King. Contributor/Author. Miller gives this description. Fukuzawa Yukichi was an influential author translator for the Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860). Tennō kikan-setsu to kokutai-ron (The Theory of the Emperor as an Organ of Government and the ideas of Kokutai). [15] The final letters of kamikaze pilots expressed, above all, that their motivations were gratitude to Japan and to its Emperor as the embodiment of kokutai. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Please try again. Please try again. Aizawa idealized this divinely-ruled ancient Japan as a form of saisei icchi (祭政一致 "unity of religion and government") or theocracy. During the Taishō Democracy, the political theorist Sakuzō Yoshino (1878–1933) rejected Western democracy minshu shugi (民主主義 lit. Japan had experienced in succession direct rule by the Emperors in ancient times, then the rule of the Fujiwara Regents, then seven hundred years of rule by shōguns, followed by the allegedly direct rule of the Emperors again after the Meiji Restoration. Nev­er­the­less, some au­thors, in­clud­ing Miller (1982:95), be­lieve that traces of Japan­ese koku­tai"are quite as vivid today as they ever were". Japan. In 1874, Katō wrote the Kokutai Shinron (国体新論 "New Theory of the National Body/Structure"), which criticized traditional Chinese and Japanese theories of government and, adopting Western theories of natural rights, proposed a constitutional monarchy for Japan. W. G. Beasley; Kokutai No Hongi: Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan, International Affairs, Volume 26, Issue 2, 1 April , Pages , https. His 1875 "Bunmeiron no Gairyaku" (文明論の概略 "An Outline of a Theory of Civilization") contradicted traditional ideas about kokutai. This book is a revised and enlarged translation of the author’s work: Shintô und die Konzeption des japanischen Nationalwesens (kokutai). The Tennou was a "god" among "humans", the incarnation of the national morals. Translated by John Owen Gauntlett and edited with an introduction by Robert King Hall. Seitai, the form of government, was historically contingent and changed through time. For early Japanese Neo-Confucian scholars, linguist Roy Andrew Miller (1982:93) says, "kokutai meant something still rather vague and ill defined. Have students read excerpts (pages 3–5) from the 1937 Kokutai no hongi (Fundamentals of Our National Policy) by Asia for Educators at Columbia University. The committee of professors from prestigious universities sought to define the essential truths of Japan, which might be termed religious, or even metaphysical, because they required faith at the expense of logic and reason. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1949. xviii, 545 p. $7.50. To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. V/ 8). Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field? W. G. Beasley; Kokutai No Hongi: Cardinal Principles of the National Entity of Japan, International Affairs, Volume 26, Issue 2, 1 April, Pages, https. Can you contact them? [11] It also instructed them in the principle of hakkō ichiu, which would be used to justify imperialism.[12]. Brief content visible, double tap to read full content. In the 21st century, Japanese nationalists, such as those affiliated with the Nippon Kaigi lobby, have begun using the phrase "kunigara" (国柄). by Robert King Hall. It served from the Meiji Restoration to 1945 as an inspiring and The inserted edition was printed in 1941. 159-185. Unable to add item to List. Aizawa developed his ideas of kokutai using the scholarly arguments of Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801) that the Japanese national myths in the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki were historical facts, believing that the Emperor was directly descended from the sun goddess Amaterasu-ōmikami. It contained the official teaching of the Japanese state on every aspect of domestic policy, international affairs, culture, and civilization. [14], For the leaders of Japan's "fascist-nationalist clique", writes Miller (1982:93), "kokutai had become a convenient term for indicating all the ways in which they believed that the Japanese nation, as a political as well as a racial entity, was simultaneously different from and superior to all other nations on earth. In the spring sky of the Shōwa Restoration.[9]. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck, and Arthur L. Tiedemann, 2nd ed., vol. Bring your club to Amazon Book Clubs, start a new book club and invite your friends to join, or find a club that’s right for you for free. This page was last edited on 10 January 2021, at 22:59.